Appendix D to Part 58 - Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
40:6.0.1.1.6.9.1.1.37 : Appendix D
Appendix D to Part 58 - Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air
Quality Monitoring 1. Monitoring Objectives and Spatial Scales 2.
General Monitoring Requirements 3. Design Criteria for NCore Sites
4. Pollutant-Specific Design Criteria for SLAMS Sites 5. Design
Criteria for Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) 6.
References 1. Monitoring Objectives and Spatial Scales
The purpose of this appendix is to describe monitoring
objectives and general criteria to be applied in establishing the
required SLAMS ambient air quality monitoring stations and for
choosing general locations for additional monitoring sites. This
appendix also describes specific requirements for the number and
location of FRM, FEM, and ARM sites for specific pollutants, NCore
multipollutant sites, PM 10 mass sites, PM 2.5 mass sites,
chemically-speciated PM 2.5 sites, and O3 precursor measurements
sites (PAMS). These criteria will be used by EPA in evaluating the
adequacy of the air pollutant monitoring networks.
1.1 Monitoring Objectives. The ambient air monitoring networks
must be designed to meet three basic monitoring objectives. These
basic objectives are listed below. The appearance of any one
objective in the order of this list is not based upon a prioritized
scheme. Each objective is important and must be considered
individually.
(a) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely
manner. Data can be presented to the public in a number of
attractive ways including through air quality maps, newspapers,
Internet sites, and as part of weather forecasts and public
advisories.
(b) Support compliance with ambient air quality standards and
emissions strategy development. Data from FRM, FEM, and ARM
monitors for NAAQS pollutants will be used for comparing an area's
air pollution levels against the NAAQS. Data from monitors of
various types can be used in the development of attainment and
maintenance plans. SLAMS, and especially NCore station data, will
be used to evaluate the regional air quality models used in
developing emission strategies, and to track trends in air
pollution abatement control measures' impact on improving air
quality. In monitoring locations near major air pollution sources,
source-oriented monitoring data can provide insight into how well
industrial sources are controlling their pollutant emissions.
(c) Support for air pollution research studies. Air pollution
data from the NCore network can be used to supplement data
collected by researchers working on health effects assessments and
atmospheric processes, or for monitoring methods development
work.
1.1.1 In order to support the air quality management work
indicated in the three basic air monitoring objectives, a network
must be designed with a variety of types of monitoring sites.
Monitoring sites must be capable of informing managers about many
things including the peak air pollution levels, typical levels in
populated areas, air pollution transported into and outside of a
city or region, and air pollution levels near specific sources. To
summarize some of these sites, here is a listing of six general
site types:
(a) Sites located to determine the highest concentrations
expected to occur in the area covered by the network.
(b) Sites located to measure typical concentrations in areas of
high population density.
(c) Sites located to determine the impact of significant sources
or source categories on air quality.
(d) Sites located to determine general background concentration
levels.
(e) Sites located to determine the extent of regional pollutant
transport among populated areas; and in support of secondary
standards.
(f) Sites located to measure air pollution impacts on
visibility, vegetation damage, or other welfare-based impacts.
1.1.2 This appendix contains criteria for the basic air
monitoring requirements. The total number of monitoring sites that
will serve the variety of data needs will be substantially higher
than these minimum requirements provide. The optimum size of a
particular network involves trade-offs among data needs and
available resources. This regulation intends to provide for
national air monitoring needs, and to lend support for the
flexibility necessary to meet data collection needs of area air
quality managers. The EPA, State, and local agencies will
periodically collaborate on network design issues through the
network assessment process outlined in § 58.10.
1.1.3 This appendix focuses on the relationship between
monitoring objectives, site types, and the geographic location of
monitoring sites. Included are a rationale and set of general
criteria for identifying candidate site locations in terms of
physical characteristics which most closely match a specific
monitoring objective. The criteria for more specifically locating
the monitoring site, including spacing from roadways and vertical
and horizontal probe and path placement, are described in appendix
E to this part.
1.2 Spatial Scales. (a) To clarify the nature of the link
between general monitoring objectives, site types, and the physical
location of a particular monitor, the concept of spatial scale of
representativeness is defined. The goal in locating monitors is to
correctly match the spatial scale represented by the sample of
monitored air with the spatial scale most appropriate for the
monitoring site type, air pollutant to be measured, and the
monitoring objective.
(b) Thus, spatial scale of representativeness is described in
terms of the physical dimensions of the air parcel nearest to a
monitoring site throughout which actual pollutant concentrations
are reasonably similar. The scales of representativeness of most
interest for the monitoring site types described above are as
follows:
(1) Microscale - Defines the concentrations in air
volumes associated with area dimensions ranging from several meters
up to about 100 meters.
(2) Middle scale - Defines the concentration typical of
areas up to several city blocks in size with dimensions ranging
from about 100 meters to 0.5 kilometer.
(3) Neighborhood scale - Defines concentrations within
some extended area of the city that has relatively uniform land use
with dimensions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometers range. The
neighborhood and urban scales listed below have the potential to
overlap in applications that concern secondarily formed or
homogeneously distributed air pollutants.
(4) Urban scale - Defines concentrations within an area
of city-like dimensions, on the order of 4 to 50 kilometers. Within
a city, the geographic placement of sources may result in there
being no single site that can be said to represent air quality on
an urban scale.
(5) Regional scale - Defines usually a rural area of
reasonably homogeneous geography without large sources, and extends
from tens to hundreds of kilometers.
(6) National and global scales - These measurement scales
represent concentrations characterizing the nation and the globe as
a whole.
(c) Proper siting of a monitor requires specification of the
monitoring objective, the types of sites necessary to meet the
objective, and then the desired spatial scale of
representativeness. For example, consider the case where the
objective is to determine NAAQS compliance by understanding the
maximum ozone concentrations for an area. Such areas would most
likely be located downwind of a metropolitan area, quite likely in
a suburban residential area where children and other susceptible
individuals are likely to be outdoors. Sites located in these areas
are most likely to represent an urban scale of measurement. In this
example, physical location was determined by considering ozone
precursor emission patterns, public activity, and meteorological
characteristics affecting ozone formation and dispersion. Thus,
spatial scale of representativeness was not used in the selection
process but was a result of site location.
(d) In some cases, the physical location of a site is determined
from joint consideration of both the basic monitoring objective and
the type of monitoring site desired, or required by this appendix.
For example, to determine PM 2.5 concentrations which are typical
over a geographic area having relatively high PM 2.5
concentrations, a neighborhood scale site is more appropriate. Such
a site would likely be located in a residential or commercial area
having a high overall PM 2.5 emission density but not in the
immediate vicinity of any single dominant source. Note that in this
example, the desired scale of representativeness was an important
factor in determining the physical location of the monitoring
site.
(e) In either case, classification of the monitor by its type
and spatial scale of representativeness is necessary and will aid
in interpretation of the monitoring data for a particular
monitoring objective (e.g., public reporting, NAAQS compliance, or
research support).
(f) Table D-1 of this appendix illustrates the relationship
between the various site types that can be used to support the
three basic monitoring objectives, and the scales of
representativeness that are generally most appropriate for that
type of site.
Table D-1 of Appendix D to Part 58 -
Relationship Between Site Types and Scales of
Representativeness
Site type
Appropriate siting
scales
1. Highest
concentration
Micro, middle, neighborhood
(sometimes urban or regional for secondarily formed
pollutants).
2. Population
oriented
Neighborhood, urban.
3. Source
impact
Micro, middle,
neighborhood.
4.
General/background & regional transport
Urban, regional.
5. Welfare-related
impacts
Urban, regional.
2. General Monitoring Requirements
(a) The National ambient air monitoring system includes several
types of monitoring stations, each targeting a key data collection
need and each varying in technical sophistication.
(b) Research grade sites are platforms for scientific studies,
either involved with health or welfare impacts, measurement methods
development, or other atmospheric studies. These sites may be
collaborative efforts between regulatory agencies and researchers
with specific scientific objectives for each. Data from these sites
might be collected with both traditional and experimental
techniques, and data collection might involve specific laboratory
analyses not common in routine measurement programs. The research
grade sites are not required by regulation; however, they are
included here due to their important role in supporting the air
quality management program.
(c) The NCore multipollutant sites are sites that measure
multiple pollutants in order to provide support to integrated air
quality management data needs. NCore sites include both
neighborhood and urban scale measurements in general, in a
selection of metropolitan areas and a limited number of more rural
locations. Continuous monitoring methods are to be used at the
NCore sites when available for a pollutant to be measured, as it is
important to have data collected over common time periods for
integrated analyses. NCore multipollutant sites are intended to be
long-term sites useful for a variety of applications including air
quality trends analyses, model evaluation, and tracking
metropolitan area statistics. As such, the NCore sites should be
placed away from direct emission sources that could substantially
impact the ability to detect area-wide concentrations. The
Administrator must approve the NCore sites.
(d) Monitoring sites designated as SLAMS sites, but not as NCore
sites, are intended to address specific air quality management
interests, and as such, are frequently single-pollutant measurement
sites. The EPA Regional Administrator must approve the SLAMS
sites.
(e) This appendix uses the statistical-based definitions for
metropolitan areas provided by the Office of Management and Budget
and the Census Bureau. These areas are referred to as metropolitan
statistical areas (MSA), micropolitan statistical areas, core-based
statistical areas (CBSA), and combined statistical areas (CSA). A
CBSA associated with at least one urbanized area of 50,000
population or greater is termed a Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA). A CBSA associated with at least one urbanized cluster of at
least 10,000 population or greater is termed a Micropolitan
Statistical Area. CSA consist of two or more adjacent CBSA. In this
appendix, the term MSA is used to refer to a Metropolitan
Statistical Area. By definition, both MSA and CSA have a high
degree of integration; however, many such areas cross State or
other political boundaries. MSA and CSA may also cross more than
one air shed. The EPA recognizes that State or local agencies must
consider MSA/CSA boundaries and their own political boundaries and
geographical characteristics in designing their air monitoring
networks. The EPA recognizes that there may be situations where the
EPA Regional Administrator and the affected State or local agencies
may need to augment or to divide the overall MSA/CSA monitoring
responsibilities and requirements among these various agencies to
achieve an effective network design. Full monitoring requirements
apply separately to each affected State or local agency in the
absence of an agreement between the affected agencies and the EPA
Regional Administrator.
3. Design Criteria for NCore Sites
(a) Each State (i.e. the fifty States, District of Columbia,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) is required to operate at
least one NCore site. States may delegate this requirement to a
local agency. States with many MSAs often also have multiple air
sheds with unique characteristics and, often, elevated air
pollution. These States include, at a minimum, California, Florida,
Illinois, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and Texas. These States are required to identify one to two
additional NCore sites in order to account for their unique
situations. These additional sites shall be located to avoid
proximity to large emission sources. Any State or local agency can
propose additional candidate NCore sites or modifications to these
requirements for approval by the Administrator. The NCore locations
should be leveraged with other multipollutant air monitoring sites
including PAMS sites, National Air Toxics Trends Stations (NATTS)
sites, CASTNET sites, and STN sites. Site leveraging includes using
the same monitoring platform and equipment to meet the objectives
of the variety of programs where possible and advantageous.
(b) The NCore sites must measure, at a minimum, PM2.5 particle
mass using continuous and integrated/filter-based samplers,
speciated PM2.5, PM10-2.5 particle mass, O3, SO2, CO, NO/NOY, wind
speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and ambient
temperature.
(1) Although the measurement of NOy is required in support of a
number of monitoring objectives, available commercial instruments
may indicate little difference in their measurement of NOy compared
to the conventional measurement of NOX, particularly in areas with
relatively fresh sources of nitrogen emissions. Therefore, in areas
with negligible expected difference between NOy and NOX measured
concentrations, the Administrator may allow for waivers that permit
NOX monitoring to be substituted for the required NOy monitoring at
applicable NCore sites.
(2) The EPA recognizes that, in some cases, the physical
location of the NCore site may not be suitable for representative
meteorological measurements due to the site's physical
surroundings. It is also possible that nearby meteorological
measurements may be able to fulfill this data need. In these cases,
the requirement for meteorological monitoring can be waived by the
Administrator.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) Siting criteria are provided for urban and rural locations.
Sites with significant historical records that do not meet siting
criteria may be approved as NCore by the Administrator. Sites with
the suite of NCore measurements that are explicitly designed for
other monitoring objectives are exempt from these siting criteria
(e.g., a near-roadway site).
(1) Urban NCore stations are to be generally located at urban or
neighborhood scale to provide representative concentrations of
exposure expected throughout the metropolitan area; however, a
middle-scale site may be acceptable in cases where the site can
represent many such locations throughout a metropolitan area.
(2) Rural NCore stations are to be located to the maximum extent
practicable at a regional or larger scale away from any large local
emission source, so that they represent ambient concentrations over
an extensive area.
4. Pollutant-Specific Design Criteria for SLAMS Sites
4.1 Ozone (O3) Design Criteria. (a) State, and where
appropriate, local agencies must operate O3 sites for various
locations depending upon area size (in terms of population and
geographic characteristics) and typical peak concentrations
(expressed in percentages below, or near the O3 NAAQS). Specific
SLAMS O3 site minimum requirements are included in Table D-2 of
this appendix. The NCore sites are expected to complement the O3
data collection that takes place at single-pollutant SLAMS sites,
and both types of sites can be used to meet the network minimum
requirements. The total number of O3 sites needed to support the
basic monitoring objectives of public data reporting, air quality
mapping, compliance, and understanding O3-related atmospheric
processes will include more sites than these minimum numbers
required in Table D-2 of this appendix. The EPA Regional
Administrator and the responsible State or local air monitoring
agency must work together to design and/or maintain the most
appropriate O3 network to service the variety of data needs in an
area.
Table D-2 of Appendix D to Part 58 - SLAMS
Minimum O3 Monitoring Requirements
MSA population 1
2
Most recent 3-year design
value concentrations ≥85% of any O3 NAAQS 3
Most recent 3-year design
value concentrations <85% of any O3 NAAQS 3 4
>10
million
4
2
4-10 million
3
1
350,000-<4
million
2
1
50,000-<350,000
5
1
0
1 Minimum monitoring requirements
apply to the Metropolitan statistical area (MSA).
2 Population based on latest
available census figures.
3 The ozone (O3) National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) levels and forms are defined in 40
CFR part 50.
4 These minimum monitoring
requirements apply in the absence of a design value.
5 Metropolitan statistical areas
(MSA) must contain an urbanized area of 50,000 or more
population.
(b) Within an O3 network, at least one O3 site for each MSA, or
CSA if multiple MSAs are involved, must be designed to record the
maximum concentration for that particular metropolitan area. More
than one maximum concentration site may be necessary in some areas.
Table D-2 of this appendix does not account for the full breadth of
additional factors that would be considered in designing a complete
O3 monitoring program for an area. Some of these additional factors
include geographic size, population density, complexity of terrain
and meteorology, adjacent O3 monitoring programs, air pollution
transport from neighboring areas, and measured air quality in
comparison to all forms of the O3 NAAQS (i.e., 8-hour and 1-hour
forms). Networks must be designed to account for all of these area
characteristics. Network designs must be re-examined in periodic
network assessments. Deviations from the above O3 requirements are
allowed if approved by the EPA Regional Administrator.
(c) The appropriate spatial scales for O3 sites are
neighborhood, urban, and regional. Since O3 requires appreciable
formation time, the mixing of reactants and products occurs over
large volumes of air, and this reduces the importance of monitoring
small scale spatial variability.
(1) Neighborhood scale - Measurements in this category
represent conditions throughout some reasonably homogeneous urban
sub-region, with dimensions of a few kilometers. Homogeneity refers
to pollutant concentrations. Neighborhood scale data will provide
valuable information for developing, testing, and revising concepts
and models that describe urban/regional concentration patterns.
These data will be useful to the understanding and definition of
processes that take periods of hours to occur and hence involve
considerable mixing and transport. Under stagnation conditions, a
site located in the neighborhood scale may also experience peak
concentration levels within a metropolitan area.
(2) Urban scale - Measurement in this scale will be used
to estimate concentrations over large portions of an urban area
with dimensions of several kilometers to 50 or more kilometers.
Such measurements will be used for determining trends, and
designing area-wide control strategies. The urban scale sites would
also be used to measure high concentrations downwind of the area
having the highest precursor emissions.
(3) Regional scale - This scale of measurement will be
used to typify concentrations over large portions of a metropolitan
area and even larger areas with dimensions of as much as hundreds
of kilometers. Such measurements will be useful for assessing the
O3 that is transported to and from a metropolitan area, as well as
background concentrations. In some situations, particularly when
considering very large metropolitan areas with complex source
mixtures, regional scale sites can be the maximum concentration
location.
(d) EPA's technical guidance documents on O3 monitoring network
design should be used to evaluate the adequacy of each existing O3
monitor, to relocate an existing site, or to locate any new O3
sites.
(e) For locating a neighborhood scale site to measure typical
city concentrations, a reasonably homogeneous geographical area
near the center of the region should be selected which is also
removed from the influence of major NOX sources. For an urban scale
site to measure the high concentration areas, the emission
inventories should be used to define the extent of the area of
important nonmethane hydrocarbons and NOX emissions. The
meteorological conditions that occur during periods of maximum
photochemical activity should be determined. These periods can be
identified by examining the meteorological conditions that occur on
the highest O3 air quality days. Trajectory analyses, an evaluation
of wind and emission patterns on high O3 days, can also be useful
in evaluating an O3 monitoring network. In areas without any
previous O3 air quality measurements, meteorological and O3
precursor emissions information would be useful.
(f) Once the meteorological and air quality data are reviewed,
the prospective maximum concentration monitor site should be
selected in a direction from the city that is most likely to
observe the highest O3 concentrations, more specifically, downwind
during periods of photochemical activity. In many cases, these
maximum concentration O3 sites will be located 10 to 30 miles or
more downwind from the urban area where maximum O3 precursor
emissions originate. The downwind direction and appropriate
distance should be determined from historical meteorological data
collected on days which show the potential for producing high O3
levels. Monitoring agencies are to consult with their EPA Regional
Office when considering siting a maximum O3 concentration site.
(g) In locating a neighborhood scale site which is to measure
high concentrations, the same procedures used for the urban scale
are followed except that the site should be located closer to the
areas bordering on the center city or slightly further downwind in
an area of high density population.
(h) For regional scale background monitoring sites, similar
meteorological analysis as for the maximum concentration sites may
also inform the decisions for locating regional scale sites.
Regional scale sites may be located to provide data on O3 transport
between cities, as background sites, or for other data collection
purposes. Consideration of both area characteristics, such as
meteorology, and the data collection objectives, such as transport,
must be jointly considered for a regional scale site to be
useful.
(i) Ozone monitoring is required at SLAMS monitoring sites only
during the seasons of the year that are conducive to O3 formation
(i.e., “ozone season”) as described below in Table D-3 of
this appendix. These O3 seasons are also identified in the AQS
files on a state-by-state basis. Deviations from the O3 monitoring
season must be approved by the EPA Regional Administrator. These
requests will be reviewed by Regional Administrators taking into
consideration, at a minimum, the frequency of out-of-season O3
NAAQS exceedances, as well as occurrences of the Moderate air
quality index level, regional consistency, and logistical issues
such as site access. Any deviations based on the Regional
Administrator's waiver of requirements must be described in the
annual monitoring network plan and updated in AQS. Changes to the
O3 monitoring season requirements in Table D-3 revoke all
previously approved Regional Administrator waivers. Requests for
monitoring season deviations must be accompanied by relevant
supporting information. Information on how to analyze O3 data to
support a change to the O3 season in support of the 8-hour standard
for the entire network in a specific state can be found in
reference 8 to this appendix. Ozone monitors at NCore stations are
required to be operated year-round (January to December).
Table D-3 1 to Appendix D of
part 58. Ozone Monitoring Season by state
1 The required O3 monitoring
season for NCore stations is January through December.
4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Design Criteria
4.2.1 General Requirements. (a) Except as provided in subsection
(b), one CO monitor is required to operate collocated with one
required near-road NO2 monitor, as required in Section 4.3.2 of
this part, in CBSAs having a population of 1,000,000 or more
persons. If a CBSA has more than one required near-road NO2
monitor, only one CO monitor is required to be collocated with a
near-road NO2 monitor within that CBSA.
(b) If a state provides quantitative evidence demonstrating that
peak ambient CO concentrations would occur in a near-road location
which meets microscale siting criteria in Appendix E of this part
but is not a near-road NO2 monitoring site, then the EPA Regional
Administrator may approve a request by a state to use such an
alternate near-road location for a CO monitor in place of
collocating a monitor at near-road NO2 monitoring site.
4.2.2 Regional Administrator Required Monitoring. (a) The
Regional Administrators, in collaboration with states, may require
additional CO monitors above the minimum number of monitors
required in 4.2.1 of this part, where the minimum monitoring
requirements are not sufficient to meet monitoring objectives. The
Regional Administrator may require, at his/her discretion,
additional monitors in situations where data or other information
suggest that CO concentrations may be approaching or exceeding the
NAAQS. Such situations include, but are not limited to, (1)
characterizing impacts on ground-level concentrations due to
stationary CO sources, (2) characterizing CO concentrations in
downtown areas or urban street canyons, and (3) characterizing CO
concentrations in areas that are subject to high ground level CO
concentrations particularly due to or enhanced by topographical and
meteorological impacts. The Regional Administrator and the
responsible State or local air monitoring agency shall work
together to design and maintain the most appropriate CO network to
address the data needs for an area, and include all monitors under
this provision in the annual monitoring network plan.
4.2.3 CO Monitoring Spatial Scales. (a) Microscale and middle
scale measurements are the most useful site classifications for CO
monitoring sites since most people have the potential for exposure
on these scales. Carbon monoxide maxima occur primarily in areas
near major roadways and intersections with high traffic density and
often in areas with poor atmospheric ventilation.
(1) Microscale - Microscale measurements typically
represent areas in close proximity to major roadways, within street
canyons, over sidewalks, and in some cases, point and area sources.
Emissions on roadways result in high ground level CO concentrations
at the microscale, where concentration gradients generally exhibit
a marked decrease with increasing downwind distance from major
roads, or within downtown areas including urban street canyons.
Emissions from stationary point and area sources, and non-road
sources may, under certain plume conditions, result in high ground
level concentrations at the microscale.
(2) Middle scale - Middle scale measurements are intended
to represent areas with dimensions from 100 meters to 0.5
kilometer. In certain cases, middle scale measurements may apply to
areas that have a total length of several kilometers, such as
“line” emission source areas. This type of emission sources areas
would include air quality along a commercially developed street or
shopping plaza, freeway corridors, parking lots and feeder
streets.
(3) Neighborhood scale - Neighborhood scale measurements
are intended to represent areas with dimensions from 0.5 kilometers
to 4 kilometers. Measurements of CO in this category would
represent conditions throughout some reasonably urban sub-regions.
In some cases, neighborhood scale data may represent not only the
immediate neighborhood spatial area, but also other similar such
areas across the larger urban area. Neighborhood scale measurements
provide relative area-wide concentration data which are useful for
providing relative urban background concentrations, supporting
health and scientific research, and for use in modeling.
4.3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Design Criteria
4.3.1 General Requirements
(a) State and, where appropriate, local agencies must operate a
minimum number of required NO2 monitoring sites as described
below.
4.3.2 Requirement for Near-road NO2 Monitors
(a) Within the NO2 network, there must be one microscale
near-road NO2 monitoring station in each CBSA with a population of
1,000,000 or more persons to monitor a location of expected maximum
hourly concentrations sited near a major road with high AADT counts
as specified in paragraph 4.3.2(a)(1) of this appendix. An
additional near-road NO2 monitoring station is required for any
CBSA with a population of 2,500,000 persons or more, or in any CBSA
with a population of 1,000,000 or more persons that has one or more
roadway segments with 250,000 or greater AADT counts to monitor a
second location of expected maximum hourly concentrations. CBSA
populations shall be based on the latest available census
figures.
(1) The near-road NO2 monitoring sites shall be selected by
ranking all road segments within a CBSA by AADT and then
identifying a location or locations adjacent to those highest
ranked road segments, considering fleet mix, roadway design,
congestion patterns, terrain, and meteorology, where maximum hourly
NO2 concentrations are expected to occur and siting criteria can be
met in accordance with appendix E of this part. Where a state or
local air monitoring agency identifies multiple acceptable
candidate sites where maximum hourly NO2 concentrations are
expected to occur, the monitoring agency shall consider the
potential for population exposure in the criteria utilized to
select the final site location. Where one CBSA is required to have
two near-road NO2 monitoring stations, the sites shall be
differentiated from each other by one or more of the following
factors: fleet mix; congestion patterns; terrain; geographic area
within the CBSA; or different route, interstate, or freeway
designation.
(b) Measurements at required near-road NO2 monitor sites
utilizing chemiluminescence FRMs must include at a minimum: NO,
NO2, and NOX.
4.3.3 Requirement for Area-wide NO2 Monitoring
(a) Within the NO2 network, there must be one monitoring station
in each CBSA with a population of 1,000,000 or more persons to
monitor a location of expected highest NO2 concentrations
representing the neighborhood or larger spatial scales. PAMS sites
collecting NO2 data that are situated in an area of expected high
NO2 concentrations at the neighborhood or larger spatial scale may
be used to satisfy this minimum monitoring requirement when the NO2
monitor is operated year round. Emission inventories and
meteorological analysis should be used to identify the appropriate
locations within a CBSA for locating required area-wide NO2
monitoring stations. CBSA populations shall be based on the latest
available census figures.
4.3.4 Regional Administrator Required Monitoring
(a) The Regional Administrators, in collaboration with States,
must require a minimum of forty additional NO2 monitoring stations
nationwide in any area, inside or outside of CBSAs, above the
minimum monitoring requirements, with a primary focus on siting
these monitors in locations to protect susceptible and vulnerable
populations. The Regional Administrators, working with States, may
also consider additional factors described in paragraph (b) below
to require monitors beyond the minimum network requirement.
(b) The Regional Administrators may require monitors to be sited
inside or outside of CBSAs in which:
(i) The required near-road monitors do not represent all
locations of expected maximum hourly NO2 concentrations in an area
and NO2 concentrations may be approaching or exceeding the NAAQS in
that area;
(ii) Areas that are not required to have a monitor in accordance
with the monitoring requirements and NO2 concentrations may be
approaching or exceeding the NAAQS; or
(iii) The minimum monitoring requirements for area-wide monitors
are not sufficient to meet monitoring objectives.
(c) The Regional Administrator and the responsible State or
local air monitoring agency should work together to design and/or
maintain the most appropriate NO2 network to address the data needs
for an area, and include all monitors under this provision in the
annual monitoring network plan.
4.3.5 NO2 Monitoring Spatial Scales
(a) The most important spatial scale for near-road NO2
monitoring stations to effectively characterize the maximum
expected hourly NO2 concentration due to mobile source emissions on
major roadways is the microscale. The most important spatial scales
for other monitoring stations characterizing maximum expected
hourly NO2 concentrations are the microscale and middle scale. The
most important spatial scale for area-wide monitoring of high NO2
concentrations is the neighborhood scale.
(1) Microscale - This scale represents areas in close
proximity to major roadways or point and area sources. Emissions
from roadways result in high ground level NO2 concentrations at the
microscale, where concentration gradients generally exhibit a
marked decrease with increasing downwind distance from major roads.
As noted in appendix E of this part, near-road NO2 monitoring
stations are required to be within 50 meters of target road
segments in order to measure expected peak concentrations.
Emissions from stationary point and area sources, and non-road
sources may, under certain plume conditions, result in high ground
level concentrations at the microscale. The microscale typically
represents an area impacted by the plume with dimensions extending
up to approximately 100 meters.
(2) Middle scale - This scale generally represents air
quality levels in areas up to several city blocks in size with
dimensions on the order of approximately 100 meters to 500 meters.
The middle scale may include locations of expected maximum hourly
concentrations due to proximity to major NO2 point, area, and/or
non-road sources.
(3) Neighborhood scale - The neighborhood scale
represents air quality conditions throughout some relatively
uniform land use areas with dimensions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometer
range. Emissions from stationary point and area sources may, under
certain plume conditions, result in high NO2 concentrations at the
neighborhood scale. Where a neighborhood site is located away from
immediate NO2 sources, the site may be useful in representing
typical air quality values for a larger residential area, and
therefore suitable for population exposure and trends analyses.
(4) Urban scale - Measurements in this scale would be
used to estimate concentrations over large portions of an urban
area with dimensions from 4 to 50 kilometers. Such measurements
would be useful for assessing trends in area-wide air quality, and
hence, the effectiveness of large scale air pollution control
strategies. Urban scale sites may also support other monitoring
objectives of the NO2 monitoring network identified in paragraph
4.3.4 above.
4.3.6 NOy Monitoring
(a) NO/NOy measurements are included within the NCore
multi-pollutant site requirements and the PAMS program. These
NO/NOy measurements will produce conservative estimates for NO2
that can be used to ensure tracking continued compliance with the
NO2 NAAQS. NO/NOy monitors are used at these sites because it is
important to collect data on total reactive nitrogen species for
understanding O3 photochemistry.
4.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Design Criteria.
4.4.1 General Requirements. (a) State and, where
appropriate, local agencies must operate a minimum number of
required SO2 monitoring sites as described below.
4.4.2 Requirement for Monitoring by the Population Weighted
Emissions Index. (a) The population weighted emissions index
(PWEI) shall be calculated by States for each core based
statistical area (CBSA) they contain or share with another State or
States for use in the implementation of or adjustment to the SO2
monitoring network. The PWEI shall be calculated by multiplying the
population of each CBSA, using the most current census data or
estimates, and the total amount of SO2 in tons per year emitted
within the CBSA area, using an aggregate of the most recent county
level emissions data available in the National Emissions Inventory
for each county in each CBSA. The resulting product shall be
divided by one million, providing a PWEI value, the units of which
are million persons-tons per year. For any CBSA with a calculated
PWEI value equal to or greater than 1,000,000, a minimum of three
SO2 monitors are required within that CBSA. For any CBSA with a
calculated PWEI value equal to or greater than 100,000, but less
than 1,000,000, a minimum of two SO2 monitors are required within
that CBSA. For any CBSA with a calculated PWEI value equal to or
greater than 5,000, but less than 100,000, a minimum of one SO2
monitor is required within that CBSA.
(1) The SO2 monitoring site(s) required as a result of the
calculated PWEI in each CBSA shall satisfy minimum monitoring
requirements if the monitor is sited within the boundaries of the
parent CBSA and is one of the following site types (as defined in
section 1.1.1 of this appendix): population exposure, highest
concentration, source impacts, general background, or regional
transport. SO2 monitors at NCore stations may satisfy minimum
monitoring requirements if that monitor is located within a CBSA
with minimally required monitors under this part. Any monitor that
is sited outside of a CBSA with minimum monitoring requirements to
assess the highest concentration resulting from the impact of
significant sources or source categories existing within that CBSA
shall be allowed to count towards minimum monitoring requirements
for that CBSA.
4.4.3 Regional Administrator Required Monitoring. (a) The
Regional Administrator may require additional SO2 monitoring
stations above the minimum number of monitors required in 4.4.2 of
this part, where the minimum monitoring requirements are not
sufficient to meet monitoring objectives. The Regional
Administrator may require, at his/her discretion, additional
monitors in situations where an area has the potential to have
concentrations that may violate or contribute to the violation of
the NAAQS, in areas impacted by sources which are not conducive to
modeling, or in locations with susceptible and vulnerable
populations, which are not monitored under the minimum monitoring
provisions described above. The Regional Administrator and the
responsible State or local air monitoring agency shall work
together to design and/or maintain the most appropriate SO2 network
to provide sufficient data to meet monitoring objectives.
4.4.4 SO2 Monitoring Spatial Scales. (a) The appropriate
spatial scales for SO2 SLAMS monitors are the microscale, middle,
neighborhood, and urban scales. Monitors sited at the microscale,
middle, and neighborhood scales are suitable for determining
maximum hourly concentrations for SO2. Monitors sited at urban
scales are useful for identifying SO2 transport, trends, and, if
sited upwind of local sources, background concentrations.
(1) Microscale - This scale would typify areas in close
proximity to SO2 point and area sources. Emissions from stationary
point and area sources, and non-road sources may, under certain
plume conditions, result in high ground level concentrations at the
microscale. The microscale typically represents an area impacted by
the plume with dimensions extending up to approximately 100
meters.
(2) Middle scale - This scale generally represents air
quality levels in areas up to several city blocks in size with
dimensions on the order of approximately 100 meters to 500 meters.
The middle scale may include locations of expected maximum
short-term concentrations due to proximity to major SO2 point,
area, and/or non-road sources.
(3) Neighborhood scale - The neighborhood scale would
characterize air quality conditions throughout some relatively
uniform land use areas with dimensions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometer
range. Emissions from stationary point and area sources may, under
certain plume conditions, result in high SO2 concentrations at the
neighborhood scale. Where a neighborhood site is located away from
immediate SO2 sources, the site may be useful in representing
typical air quality values for a larger residential area, and
therefore suitable for population exposure and trends analyses.
(4) Urban scale - Measurements in this scale would be
used to estimate concentrations over large portions of an urban
area with dimensions from 4 to 50 kilometers. Such measurements
would be useful for assessing trends in area-wide air quality, and
hence, the effectiveness of large scale air pollution control
strategies. Urban scale sites may also support other monitoring
objectives of the SO2 monitoring network such as identifying
trends, and when monitors are sited upwind of local sources,
background concentrations.
4.4.5 NCore Monitoring. (a) SO2 measurements are included
within the NCore multipollutant site requirements as described in
paragraph (3)(b) of this appendix. NCore-based SO2 measurements are
primarily used to characterize SO2 trends and assist in
understanding SO2 transport across representative areas in urban or
rural locations and are also used for comparison with the SO2
NAAQS. SO2 monitors at NCore sites that exist in CBSAs with minimum
monitoring requirements per section 4.4.2 above shall be allowed to
count towards those minimum monitoring requirements.
4.5 Lead (Pb) Design Criteria. (a) State and, where
appropriate, local agencies are required to conduct ambient air Pb
monitoring near Pb sources which are expected to or have been shown
to contribute to a maximum Pb concentration in ambient air in
excess of the NAAQS, taking into account the logistics and
potential for population exposure. At a minimum, there must be one
source-oriented SLAMS site located to measure the maximum Pb
concentration in ambient air resulting from each non-airport Pb
source which emits 0.50 or more tons per year and from each airport
which emits 1.0 or more tons per year based on either the most
recent National Emission Inventory
(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiinformation.html) or other
scientifically justifiable methods and data (such as improved
emissions factors or site-specific data) taking into account
logistics and the potential for population exposure.
(i) One monitor may be used to meet the requirement in paragraph
4.5(a) for all sources involved when the location of the maximum Pb
concentration due to one Pb source is expected to also be impacted
by Pb emissions from a nearby source (or multiple sources). This
monitor must be sited, taking into account logistics and the
potential for population exposure, where the Pb concentration from
all sources combined is expected to be at its maximum.
(ii) The Regional Administrator may waive the requirement in
paragraph 4.5(a) for monitoring near Pb sources if the State or,
where appropriate, local agency can demonstrate the Pb source will
not contribute to a maximum Pb concentration in ambient air in
excess of 50 percent of the NAAQS (based on historical monitoring
data, modeling, or other means). The waiver must be renewed once
every 5 years as part of the network assessment required under §
58.10(d).
(iii) State and, where appropriate, local agencies are required
to conduct ambient air Pb monitoring near each of the airports
listed in Table D-3A for a period of 12 consecutive months
commencing no later than December 27, 2011. Monitors shall be sited
to measure the maximum Pb concentration in ambient air, taking into
account logistics and the potential for population exposure, and
shall use an approved Pb-TSP Federal Reference Method or Federal
Equivalent Method. Any monitor that exceeds 50 percent of the Pb
NAAQS on a rolling 3-month average (as determined according to 40
CFR part 50, Appendix R) shall become a required monitor under
paragraph 4.5(c) of this Appendix, and shall continue to monitor
for Pb unless a waiver is granted allowing it to stop operating as
allowed by the provisions in paragraph 4.5(a)(ii) of this appendix.
Data collected shall be submitted to the Air Quality System
database according to the requirements of 40 CFR part 58.16.
Table D-3A Airports To Be Monitored for
Lead
Airport
County
State
Merrill Field
Anchorage
AK
Pryor Field
Regional
Limestone
AL
Palo Alto Airport
of Santa Clara County
Santa Clara
CA
McClellan-Palomar
San Diego
CA
Reid-Hillview
Santa Clara
CA
Gillespie
Field
San Diego
CA
San Carlos
San Mateo
CA
Nantucket
Memorial
Nantucket
MA
Oakland County
International
Oakland
MI
Republic
Suffolk
NY
Brookhaven
Suffolk
NY
Stinson
Municipal
Bexar
TX
Northwest
Regional
Denton
TX
Harvey Field
Snohomish
WA
Auburn
Municipal
King
WA
(b) [Reserved]
(c) The EPA Regional Administrator may require additional
monitoring beyond the minimum monitoring requirements contained in
paragraph 4.5(a) of this appendix where the likelihood of Pb air
quality violations is significant or where the emissions density,
topography, or population locations are complex and varied. The EPA
Regional Administrators may require additional monitoring at
locations including, but not limited to, those near existing
additional industrial sources of Pb, recently closed industrial
sources of Pb, airports where piston-engine aircraft emit Pb, and
other sources of re-entrained Pb dust.
(d) The most important spatial scales for source-oriented sites
to effectively characterize the emissions from point sources are
microscale and middle scale. The most important spatial scale for
non-source-oriented sites to characterize typical lead
concentrations in urban areas is the neighborhood scale. Monitor
siting should be conducted in accordance with 4.5(a)(i) with
respect to source-oriented sites.
(1) Microscale - This scale would typify areas in close
proximity to lead point sources. Emissions from point sources such
as primary and secondary lead smelters, and primary copper smelters
may under fumigation conditions likewise result in high ground
level concentrations at the microscale. In the latter case, the
microscale would represent an area impacted by the plume with
dimensions extending up to approximately 100 meters. Pb monitors in
areas where the public has access, and particularly children have
access, are desirable because of the higher sensitivity of children
to exposures of elevated Pb concentrations.
(2) Middle scale - This scale generally represents Pb air
quality levels in areas up to several city blocks in size with
dimensions on the order of approximately 100 meters to 500 meters.
The middle scale may for example, include schools and playgrounds
in center city areas which are close to major Pb point sources. Pb
monitors in such areas are desirable because of the higher
sensitivity of children to exposures of elevated Pb concentrations
(reference 3 of this appendix). Emissions from point sources
frequently impact on areas at which single sites may be located to
measure concentrations representing middle spatial scales.
(3) Neighborhood scale - The neighborhood scale would
characterize air quality conditions throughout some relatively
uniform land use areas with dimensions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometer
range. Sites of this scale would provide monitoring data in areas
representing conditions where children live and play. Monitoring in
such areas is important since this segment of the population is
more susceptible to the effects of Pb. Where a neighborhood site is
located away from immediate Pb sources, the site may be very useful
in representing typical air quality values for a larger residential
area, and therefore suitable for population exposure and trends
analyses.
(d) Technical guidance is found in references 4 and 5 of this
appendix. These documents provide additional guidance on locating
sites to meet specific urban area monitoring objectives and should
be used in locating new sites or evaluating the adequacy of
existing sites.
4.6 Particulate Matter (PM 10) Design Criteria.>(a) Table D-4
indicates the approximate number of permanent stations required in
MSAs to characterize national and regional PM 10 air quality trends
and geographical patterns. The number of PM 10 stations in areas
where MSA populations exceed 1,000,000 must be in the range from 2
to 10 stations, while in low population urban areas, no more than
two stations are required. A range of monitoring stations is
specified in Table D-4 because sources of pollutants and local
control efforts can vary from one part of the country to another
and therefore, some flexibility is allowed in selecting the actual
number of stations in any one locale. Modifications from these PM
10 monitoring requirements must be approved by the Regional
Administrator.
Table D-4 of Appendix D to Part 58 - PM 10
Minimum Monitoring Requirements (Approximate Number of Stations Per
MSA) 1
Population category
High concentration
2
Medium concentration
3
Low concentration 4
5
>1,000,000
6-10
4-8
2-4
500,000-1,000,000
4-8
2-4
1-2
250,000-500,000
3-4
1-2
0-1
100,000-250,000
1-2
0-1
0
1 Selection of urban areas and
actual numbers of stations per area will be jointly determined by
EPA and the State agency.
2 High concentration areas are
those for which ambient PM10 data show ambient concentrations
exceeding the PM 10 NAAQS by 20 percent or more.
3 Medium concentration areas are
those for which ambient PM10 data show ambient concentrations
exceeding 80 percent of the PM 10 NAAQS.
4 Low concentration areas are
those for which ambient PM10 data show ambient concentrations less
than 80 percent of the PM 10 NAAQS.
5 These minimum monitoring
requirements apply in the absence of a design value.
(b) Although microscale monitoring may be appropriate in some
circumstances, the most important spatial scales to effectively
characterize the emissions of PM 10 from both mobile and stationary
sources are the middle scales and neighborhood scales.
(1) Microscale - This scale would typify areas such as
downtown street canyons, traffic corridors, and fence line
stationary source monitoring locations where the general public
could be exposed to maximum PM 10 concentrations. Microscale
particulate matter sites should be located near inhabited buildings
or locations where the general public can be expected to be exposed
to the concentration measured. Emissions from stationary sources
such as primary and secondary smelters, power plants, and other
large industrial processes may, under certain plume conditions,
likewise result in high ground level concentrations at the
microscale. In the latter case, the microscale would represent an
area impacted by the plume with dimensions extending up to
approximately 100 meters. Data collected at microscale sites
provide information for evaluating and developing hot spot control
measures.
(2) Middle scale - Much of the short-term public exposure
to coarse fraction particles (PM 10) is on this scale and on the
neighborhood scale. People moving through downtown areas or living
near major roadways or stationary sources, may encounter
particulate pollution that would be adequately characterized by
measurements of this spatial scale. Middle scale PM 10 measurements
can be appropriate for the evaluation of possible short-term
exposure public health effects. In many situations, monitoring
sites that are representative of micro-scale or middle-scale
impacts are not unique and are representative of many similar
situations. This can occur along traffic corridors or other
locations in a residential district. In this case, one location is
representative of a neighborhood of small scale sites and is
appropriate for evaluation of long-term or chronic effects. This
scale also includes the characteristic concentrations for other
areas with dimensions of a few hundred meters such as the parking
lot and feeder streets associated with shopping centers, stadia,
and office buildings. In the case of PM 10, unpaved or seldomly
swept parking lots associated with these sources could be an
important source in addition to the vehicular emissions
themselves.
(3) Neighborhood scale - Measurements in this category
represent conditions throughout some reasonably homogeneous urban
sub-region with dimensions of a few kilometers and of generally
more regular shape than the middle scale. Homogeneity refers to the
particulate matter concentrations, as well as the land use and land
surface characteristics. In some cases, a location carefully chosen
to provide neighborhood scale data would represent not only the
immediate neighborhood but also neighborhoods of the same type in
other parts of the city. Neighborhood scale PM 10 sites provide
information about trends and compliance with standards because they
often represent conditions in areas where people commonly live and
work for extended periods. Neighborhood scale data could provide
valuable information for developing, testing, and revising models
that describe the larger-scale concentration patterns, especially
those models relying on spatially smoothed emission fields for
inputs. The neighborhood scale measurements could also be used for
neighborhood comparisons within or between cities.
4.7 Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Design Criteria.
4.7.1 General Requirements. (a) State, and where applicable
local, agencies must operate the minimum number of required PM 2.5
SLAMS sites listed in Table D-5 of this appendix. The NCore sites
are expected to complement the PM 2.5 data collection that takes
place at non-NCore SLAMS sites, and both types of sites can be used
to meet the minimum PM 2.5 network requirements. Deviations from
these PM 2.5 monitoring requirements must be approved by the EPA
Regional Administrator.
Table D-5 of Appendix D to Part 58 - PM 2.5
Minimum Monitoring Requirements
MSA population 1
2
Most recent 3-year design
value ≥85% of any PM 2.5 NAAQS 3
Most recent 3-year design
value <85% of any PM 2.5 NAAQS 3 4
>1,000,000
3
2
500,000-1,000,000
2
1
50,000-<500,000
5
1
0
1 Minimum monitoring requirements
apply to the Metropolitan statistical area (MSA).
2 Population based on latest
available census figures.
3 The PM 2.5 National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) levels and forms are defined in 40 CFR
part 50.
4 These minimum monitoring
requirements apply in the absence of a design value.
5 Metropolitan statistical areas
(MSA) must contain an urbanized area of 50,000 or more
population.
(b) Specific Design Criteria for PM 2.5. The required monitoring
stations or sites must be sited to represent area-wide air quality.
These sites can include sites collocated at PAMS. These monitoring
stations will typically be at neighborhood or urban-scale; however,
micro-or middle-scale PM 2.5 monitoring sites that represent many
such locations throughout a metropolitan area are considered to
represent area-wide air quality.
(1) At least one monitoring station is to be sited at
neighborhood or larger scale in an area of expected maximum
concentration.
(2) For CBSAs with a population of 1,000,000 or more persons, at
least one PM 2.5 monitor is to be collocated at a near-road NO2
station required in section 4.3.2(a) of this appendix.
(3) For areas with additional required SLAMS, a monitoring
station is to be sited in an area of poor air quality.
(4) Additional technical guidance for siting PM 2.5 monitors is
provided in references 6 and 7 of this appendix.
(c) The most important spatial scale to effectively characterize
the emissions of particulate matter from both mobile and stationary
sources is the neighborhood scale for PM 2.5. For purposes of
establishing monitoring sites to represent large homogenous areas
other than the above scales of representativeness and to
characterize regional transport, urban or regional scale sites
would also be needed. Most PM 2.5 monitoring in urban areas should
be representative of a neighborhood scale.
(1) Micro-scale. This scale would typify areas such as
downtown street canyons and traffic corridors where the general
public would be exposed to maximum concentrations from mobile
sources. In some circumstances, the micro-scale is appropriate for
particulate sites. SLAMS sites measured at the micro-scale level
should, however, be limited to urban sites that are representative
of long-term human exposure and of many such microenvironments in
the area. In general, micro-scale particulate matter sites should
be located near inhabited buildings or locations where the general
public can be expected to be exposed to the concentration measured.
Emissions from stationary sources such as primary and secondary
smelters, power plants, and other large industrial processes may,
under certain plume conditions, likewise result in high ground
level concentrations at the micro-scale. In the latter case, the
micro-scale would represent an area impacted by the plume with
dimensions extending up to approximately 100 meters. Data collected
at micro-scale sites provide information for evaluating and
developing hot spot control measures.
(2) Middle scale - People moving through downtown areas,
or living near major roadways, encounter particle concentrations
that would be adequately characterized by this spatial scale. Thus,
measurements of this type would be appropriate for the evaluation
of possible short-term exposure public health effects of
particulate matter pollution. In many situations, monitoring sites
that are representative of microscale or middle-scale impacts are
not unique and are representative of many similar situations. This
can occur along traffic corridors or other locations in a
residential district. In this case, one location is representative
of a number of small scale sites and is appropriate for evaluation
of long-term or chronic effects. This scale also includes the
characteristic concentrations for other areas with dimensions of a
few hundred meters such as the parking lot and feeder streets
associated with shopping centers, stadia, and office buildings.
(3) Neighborhood scale - Measurements in this category
would represent conditions throughout some reasonably homogeneous
urban sub-region with dimensions of a few kilometers and of
generally more regular shape than the middle scale. Homogeneity
refers to the particulate matter concentrations, as well as the
land use and land surface characteristics. Much of the PM 2.5
exposures are expected to be associated with this scale of
measurement. In some cases, a location carefully chosen to provide
neighborhood scale data would represent the immediate neighborhood
as well as neighborhoods of the same type in other parts of the
city. PM 2.5 sites of this kind provide good information about
trends and compliance with standards because they often represent
conditions in areas where people commonly live and work for periods
comparable to those specified in the NAAQS. In general, most PM 2.5
monitoring in urban areas should have this scale.
(4) Urban scale - This class of measurement would be used
to characterize the particulate matter concentration over an entire
metropolitan or rural area ranging in size from 4 to 50 kilometers.
Such measurements would be useful for assessing trends in area-wide
air quality, and hence, the effectiveness of large scale air
pollution control strategies. Community-oriented PM 2.5 sites may
have this scale.
(5) Regional scale - These measurements would
characterize conditions over areas with dimensions of as much as
hundreds of kilometers. As noted earlier, using representative
conditions for an area implies some degree of homogeneity in that
area. For this reason, regional scale measurements would be most
applicable to sparsely populated areas. Data characteristics of
this scale would provide information about larger scale processes
of particulate matter emissions, losses and transport. PM 2.5
transport contributes to elevated particulate concentrations and
may affect multiple urban and State entities with large populations
such as in the eastern United States. Development of effective
pollution control strategies requires an understanding at regional
geographical scales of the emission sources and atmospheric
processes that are responsible for elevated PM 2.5 levels and may
also be associated with elevated O3 and regional haze.
4.7.2 Requirement for Continuous PM 2.5 Monitoring. The State,
or where appropriate, local agencies must operate continuous PM 2.5
analyzers equal to at least one-half (round up) the minimum
required sites listed in Table D-5 of this appendix. At least one
required continuous analyzer in each MSA must be collocated with
one of the required FRM/FEM/ARM monitors, unless at least one of
the required FRM/FEM/ARM monitors is itself a continuous FEM or ARM
monitor in which case no collocation requirement applies. State and
local air monitoring agencies must use methodologies and quality
assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures approved by the EPA
Regional Administrator for these required continuous analyzers.
4.7.3 Requirement for PM 2.5 Background and Transport Sites.
Each State shall install and operate at least one PM 2.5 site to
monitor for regional background and at least one PM 2.5 site to
monitor regional transport. These monitoring sites may be at
community-oriented sites and this requirement may be satisfied by a
corresponding monitor in an area having similar air quality in
another State. State and local air monitoring agencies must use
methodologies and QA/QC procedures approved by the EPA Regional
Administrator for these sites. Methods used at these sites may
include non-federal reference method samplers such as IMPROVE or
continuous PM 2.5 monitors.
4.7.4 PM 2.5 Chemical Speciation Site Requirements. Each State
shall continue to conduct chemical speciation monitoring and
analyses at sites designated to be part of the PM 2.5 Speciation
Trends Network (STN). The selection and modification of these STN
sites must be approved by the Administrator. The PM 2.5 chemical
speciation urban trends sites shall include analysis for elements,
selected anions and cations, and carbon. Samples must be collected
using the monitoring methods and the sampling schedules approved by
the Administrator. Chemical speciation is encouraged at additional
sites where the chemically resolved data would be useful in
developing State implementation plans and supporting atmospheric or
health effects related studies.
4.8.1 General Monitoring Requirements. (a) The only required
monitors for PM 10-2.5 are those required at NCore Stations.
(b) Although microscale monitoring may be appropriate in some
circumstances, middle and neighborhood scale measurements are the
most important station classifications for PM 10-2.5 to assess the
variation in coarse particle concentrations that would be expected
across populated areas that are in proximity to large emissions
sources.
(1) Microscale - This scale would typify relatively small
areas immediately adjacent to: Industrial sources; locations
experiencing ongoing construction, redevelopment, and soil
disturbance; and heavily traveled roadways. Data collected at
microscale stations would characterize exposure over areas of
limited spatial extent and population exposure, and may provide
information useful for evaluating and developing source-oriented
control measures.
(2) Middle scale - People living or working near major
roadways or industrial districts encounter particle concentrations
that would be adequately characterized by this spatial scale. Thus,
measurements of this type would be appropriate for the evaluation
of public health effects of coarse particle exposure. Monitors
located in populated areas that are nearly adjacent to large
industrial point sources of coarse particles provide suitable
locations for assessing maximum population exposure levels and
identifying areas of potentially poor air quality. Similarly,
monitors located in populated areas that border dense networks of
heavily-traveled traffic are appropriate for assessing the impacts
of resuspended road dust. This scale also includes the
characteristic concentrations for other areas with dimensions of a
few hundred meters such as school grounds and parks that are nearly
adjacent to major roadways and industrial point sources, locations
exhibiting mixed residential and commercial development, and
downtown areas featuring office buildings, shopping centers, and
stadiums.
(3) Neighborhood scale - Measurements in this category
would represent conditions throughout some reasonably homogeneous
urban sub-region with dimensions of a few kilometers and of
generally more regular shape than the middle scale. Homogeneity
refers to the particulate matter concentrations, as well as the
land use and land surface characteristics. This category includes
suburban neighborhoods dominated by residences that are somewhat
distant from major roadways and industrial districts but still
impacted by urban sources, and areas of diverse land use where
residences are interspersed with commercial and industrial
neighborhoods. In some cases, a location carefully chosen to
provide neighborhood scale data would represent the immediate
neighborhood as well as neighborhoods of the same type in other
parts of the city. The comparison of data from middle scale and
neighborhood scale sites would provide valuable information for
determining the variation of PM 10-2.5 levels across urban areas
and assessing the spatial extent of elevated concentrations caused
by major industrial point sources and heavily traveled roadways.
Neighborhood scale sites would provide concentration data that are
relevant to informing a large segment of the population of their
exposure levels on a given day.
4.8.2 [Reserved]
5. Network Design for Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations
(PAMS) and Enhanced Ozone Monitoring
(a) State and local monitoring agencies are required to collect
and report PAMS measurements at each NCore site required under
paragraph 3(a) of this appendix located in a CBSA with a population
of 1,000,000 or more, based on the latest available census
figures.
(2) Three 8-hour averaged carbonyl samples per day on a 1 in 3
day schedule, or hourly averaged formaldehyde;
(3) Hourly averaged O3;
(4) Hourly averaged nitrogen oxide (NO), true nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), and total reactive nitrogen (NOy);
(5) Hourly averaged ambient temperature;
(6) Hourly vector-averaged wind direction;
(7) Hourly vector-averaged wind speed;
(8) Hourly average atmospheric pressure;
(9) Hourly averaged relative humidity;
(10) Hourly precipitation;
(11) Hourly averaged mixing-height;
(12) Hourly averaged solar radiation; and
(13) Hourly averaged ultraviolet radiation.
(c) The EPA Regional Administrator may grant a waiver to allow
the collection of required PAMS measurements at an alternative
location where the monitoring agency can demonstrate that the
alternative location will provide representative data useful for
regional or national scale modeling and the tracking of trends in
O3 precursors. The alternative location can be outside of the CBSA
or outside of the monitoring agencies jurisdiction. In cases where
the alternative location crosses jurisdictions the waiver will be
contingent on the monitoring agency responsible for the alternative
location including the required PAMS measurements in their annual
monitoring plan required under § 58.10 and continued successful
collection of PAMS measurements at the alternative location. This
waiver can be revoked in cases where the Regional Administrator
determines the PAMS measurements are not being collected at the
alternate location in compliance with paragraph (b) of this
section.
(d) The EPA Regional Administrator may grant a waiver to allow
speciated VOC measurements to be made as three 8-hour averages on
every third day during the PAMS season as an alternative to 1-hour
average speciated VOC measurements in cases where the primary VOC
compounds are not well measured using continuous technology due to
low detectability of the primary VOC compounds or for logistical
and other programmatic constraints.
(e) The EPA Regional Administrator may grant a waiver to allow
representative meteorological data from nearby monitoring stations
to be used to meet the meteorological requirements in paragraph
5(b) where the monitoring agency can demonstrate the data is
collected in a manner consistent with EPA quality assurance
requirements for these measurements.
(f) The EPA Regional Administrator may grant a waiver from the
requirement to collect PAMS measurements in locations where
CBSA-wide O3 design values are equal to or less than 85% of the
8-hour O3 NAAQS and where the location is not considered by the
Regional Administrator to be an important upwind or downwind
location for other O3 nonattainment areas.
(g) At a minimum, the monitoring agency shall collect the
required PAMS measurements during the months of June, July, and
August.
(h) States with Moderate and above 8-hour O3 nonattainment areas
and states in the Ozone Transport Region as defined in 40 CFR
51.900 shall develop and implement an Enhanced Monitoring Plan
(EMP) detailing enhanced O3 and O3 precursor monitoring activities
to be performed. The EMP shall be submitted to the EPA Regional
Administrator no later than October 1, 2019 or two years following
the effective date of a designation to a classification of Moderate
or above O3 nonattainment, whichever is later. At a minimum, the
EMP shall be reassessed and approved as part of the 5-year network
assessments required under 40 CFR 58.10(d). The EMP will include
monitoring activities deemed important to understanding the O3
problems in the state. Such activities may include, but are not
limited to, the following:
(1) Additional O3 monitors beyond the minimally required under
paragraph 4.1 of this appendix,
(2) Additional NOX or NOy monitors beyond those required under
4.3 of this appendix,
(3) Additional speciated VOC measurements including data
gathered during different periods other than required under
paragraph 5(g) of this appendix, or locations other than those
required under paragraph 5(a) of this appendix, and
(4) Enhanced upper air measurements of meteorology or pollution
concentrations.
6. References
1. Ball, R.J. and G.E. Anderson. Optimum Site Exposure Criteria
for SO2 Monitoring. The Center for the Environment and Man, Inc.,
Hartford, CT. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA-450/3-77-013.
April 1977.
2. Ludwig, F.F., J.H.S. Kealoha, and E. Shelar. Selecting Sites
for Carbon Monoxide Monitoring. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo
Park, CA. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA-450/3-75-077,
September 1975.
3. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Office of Research and
Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.
EPA Publication No. 600/8-89-049F. August 1990. (NTIS document
numbers PB87-142378 and PB91-138420.)
4. Optimum Site Exposure Criteria for Lead Monitoring. PEDCo
Environmental, Inc. Cincinnati, OH. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No.
68-02-3013. May 1981.
5. Guidance for Conducting Ambient Air Monitoring for Lead
Around Point Sources. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA-454/R-92-009. May 1997.
6. Koch, R.C. and H.E. Rector. Optimum Network Design and Site
Exposure Criteria for Particulate Matter. GEOMET Technologies,
Inc., Rockville, MD. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3584.
EPA 450/4-87-009. May 1987.
7. Watson et al. Guidance for Network Design and Optimum
Site Exposure for PM 2.5 and PM 10. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-454/R-99-022,
December 1997.
8. Guideline for Selecting and Modifying the Ozone Monitoring
Season Based on an 8-Hour Ozone Standard. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC. EPA-454/R-98-001, June
1998.
9. Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations Implementation
Manual. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA-454/B-93-051. March 1994.